SYDNEY, Australia (PNN) - December 31, 2025 - Bottled water is typically seen as the safer drinking choice compared to tap water, as it is filtered, free of lead, agricultural pesticides and industrial pollutants that might not be fully weeded out of municipal systems.
However, lab tests have shown that, contrary to popular opinion, a pricier bottle does not mean purer water.
In fact, tests commissioned by the consumer watchdog app Oasis Health found plastic-derived “forever chemicals” (PFAS) to be ubiquitous in bottled water, from budget-friendly brands like Deer Park and Poland Spring to upmarket favorites such as Essentia and Topo Chico.
Forever chemicals, known for repelling water and stains, coat the insides of plastic water bottles and their caps to prevent leaks. They are byproducts of plastic production that can take decades or even centuries to break down in both the environment and the human body.
Over time, these chemicals accumulate in the environment and the body, seeping into the water and food supply, becoming ubiquitous. When PFAS accumulate in the body tissues, they disrupt essential biological processes.
This includes interfering with hormone regulation, sabotaging the body’s ability to clear out bad cholesterol, promoting cancer-causing inflammation, and in pregnant women, disrupting fetal development, potentially leading to learning and developmental delays later.
Plastic is known to be full of forever chemicals, and many people choose glass bottles to avoid the toxins, but testing has revealed that even water in glass bottles is not safe from PFAS contamination, which can also occur during the purification process, when water is stored or filtered through plastic systems.
The EPA sets a PFAS exposure limit at 0.4 parts per trillion (ppt), but the health guideline most researchers agree on is 0.1 ppt.
Oasis analysts scored thousands of bottled water brands, including Deer Park, SmartWater, Dasani and Fiji, among others.
The scoring methodology is a comprehensive, point-based system. For each product, a base score out of 100 is adjusted using penalties for risks and bonuses for transparency. The closer their ranking got to 100, the less contaminated they were.
For example, bottled water is penalized for missing third-party lab reports, the presence of contaminants, unsafe packaging materials - like certain plastics - or sourcing from municipal supplies.
Bonuses are awarded for brand transparency, like publishing test data.
The final score places the product into a clear risk band, from “Excellent” (90–100) to “Very Poor” (below 60), providing a standardized, science-backed way for consumers to compare the health safety of products within the same category.
In most instances, Oasis analysts did not specify the types of forever chemicals found in different bottles. PFAS is a category that encompasses hundreds of molecules, each with its own risk profile, some known and some unknown.
Without knowing the specific chemical involved, it is difficult to gauge the risk associated with picking up a bottle of that water at the store. PFOA, a type of PFAS for instance, has strong links to kidney and testicular cancer, as well as liver damage and thyroid disease. PFOS, another type of forever chemical, is most closely associated with kidney and thyroid cancer, as well as liver damage and high cholesterol.
Many of the worst performers contained PFAS concentrations of about 0.2 ppt, which is roughly double the health guideline for the chemicals agreed upon by environmental scientists across a wide body of research.
However, there were two stand outs with even worse scores. Topo Chico, 3.9 ppt, and Perrier, 1.7 ppt, had PFAS concentrations 39 times and 17 times the safe limit, respectively. Deer Park, 1.21 ppt, had PFAS concentrations at 12 times the safe limit.
Essentia, Dasani, SmartWater and Aquafina, also each contained PFAS at a level of 0.2 parts per trillion (ppt).
Fiji was the only product that didn't exceed PFAS levels, with 0.05 ppt, but it did test positive for arsenic. While this trace amount is extremely low, it is still twice the EPA's stringent 0.004 ppt health advisory goal for PFOA, one of the most toxic PFAS chemicals. This indicates that even water marketed as pure or enhanced contain these persistent industrial pollutants.
Most alarming was Perrier Sparkling Water's high concentration of HFPO-DA (also known as GenX), a common PFOA replacement.
Research, though less extensive than for PFOA or PFOS, indicates concerning health effects of GenX exposure. Animal studies have pointed to an elevated risk of liver toxicity, lesions in the kidneys, and atrophied pancreas.
GenX is likely carcinogenic in humans, according to the EPA, based on animal studies that have linked the chemical to liver, pancreas and testicular tumors.
